Chapter+5

=Section 1= toc To make different sounds, guitarists and violinists hold down different parts of each string while playing to either make sounds higher, lower, louder or softer. The shorter the string, the higher pitched note one will acquire.
 * What Do You Think:**

Vibrate: move back and forth rapidly Pitch: (in music) how high or low a note is > Length and tension affect the pitch of the sound of a vibrating string - Increasing mass (more tension) = higher pitch - Decreasing length = higher pitch
 * Physics Talk Summary:**

1) When a string tension is increased, the pitch becomes higher 2) When you decrease the length of a string the pitch becomes higher 3) Adding mass increased the tension and ultimately made the pitch higher 4) The sound is produced by vibrations
 * Checking Up Questions:**

3) Dame Glennie is capable of distinguishing the rough pitch of notes by finding where on her body she felt the vibration of sound. Low sounds were felt in her legs while the high sounds were felt in her face/neck/chest. Since Dame is deaf and not blind, she sees the instruments move and vibrate while she is playing them. Electrical signals are generated in her ear along with various parts of other information from the other senses are combined in her brain to create a sound picture.
 * Inquiring Further:**

f = sqrt(T/4ml) > f = frequency > T = tension > m = mass of string > L = length of string - Square root relation of frequency and tension > 2f = 4T - Inverse square root relation of frequency and length > 2f = 1/4L - Inverse square root relation of frequency and mass > 2f = 1/4m - Both the thickness and the length make different pitches > very deep note = increase the string 4x when you want to 2x the pitch >> make it thicker AND longer
 * Physics Plus:**

1. a) You can double the mass and then that would 4x the tension b) When tension is 4x as great, the pitch will become 2x higher. 2. a) You can either move your hand closer or farther to the center depending on if you want the pitch to be higher or lower b) When you 1/4 the length of a string, the pitch is doubled and vice versa 3. a) Increase or decrease the length b) You would need to make the string either thicker or thinner / change the tension 4. The sound would stay the same if you increased or decreased both the same amount 5. a) Different positions for their fingers, different thickness of strings, different number of strings. b) The either tighten or losen the clamp of the strings to either increase or relieve tension 6. a) They increase and decrease the tension on the string b) Sometimes the strings are too lose or too tight and don't make the needed sounds of the player c) Tension decreases and the pitch becomes lower 7. a) Lets the player know the length of the string when you press down on that area b) They don't c) Because they don't have frets to guide them.
 * Physics To Go:**

Violinists and guitarists make different sounds on their instruments by either increasing or decreasing the length of each string. When someone wants to play a very high pitched note on a guitar, they would put their fingers very close to the center and make the string length that is strummed very very short. Also, to increase the pitch one would increase the tension of the string and vice versa
 * What Do You Think Now:**

=**Section 2**=

The particles of water move in an upwards fashion until they reach the highest point and then from that point they move diagonally down towards the surface of the water or the ground.
 * What Do You Think:**

- __Crest:__ position of maximum amplitude on wave (positive) - __Trough:__ position of minimum amplitude on a wave (negative) >Crest and Trough are equal to each other with different signs - __Amplitude:__ the amount of energy of a wave (distance) - __Frequency:__ (f) how often a wave passes a point in a unit of time (seconds) > #wave/1sec = 1/s =Hz - __Period:__ (T) how many seconds it takes for one wave to pass > #sec/1wave = s - Period and Frequency are reciprocals - __Wave Length:__ the distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next (lambda - symbol) - __Wave Speed:__ total distance/total time OR wave length*frequency (v) - __Transverse Wave:__ sine curve, move side to side - energy of the wave is vertical (perpendicular to particle motion) - __Longitudinal Wave:__ moves up and down - energy in same direction as particle motion - __Pulse:__ one single disturbance in the medium - __Traveling Wave;__ regular and repeating motion - __Node:__ A point on a standing wave where the medium is motionless - __Antinode:__ a point on a standing wave where the displacement is the largest
 * Physics Talk Summary:**
 * -** __Medium:__ the substance that caries the wave

Superposition Principle: - Energy moves each particle up and down: when hit by a wave without current/wind you will only move up and down - Crest and Crest line up when crossing: add heights - Crest and Trough line up when crossing: subtract crest-trough
 * Class Notes:**

1) A wave is a transfer of energy with no net transfer of math 2) A transverse wave moves side to side and the energy is vertical.A longitudinal wave moves vertically along with it's energy 3) Node involves a non-moving point while a antinode involves displacement/motion.
 * Checking Up:**


 * Physics To Go:**
 * 1) **
 * a. Amplitude: how far you push out to begin **
 * Wave Length: measure the size of crest (multiply by 2) **
 * Frequency: how many times your hand moves back and worth (each time back/forth is one cycle) **
 * Speed: total distance / total time OR wave length*frequency **
 * b. Amplitude is in meters. Wavelength is in meters. Frequency is 1/seconds (hertz). Speed is m/s **
 * c. Wave length and frequency are related to reach other inversely. Wave speed depends on the medium. **
 * 2) **
 * a.The wave length gets smaller **
 * b. Frequency increases, wave length decreases. **
 * c. Wave speed does not change **
 * 3) Measure from the starting point to the same point on the next wave. **
 * 4) See how many waves pass in a certain time (seconds). Number of times divided by time. **
 * 5) **
 * a. Wavelength units are meters. **
 * b. Frequency units are measured in Hertz (Hz) **
 * c. Speed is measured in m/s **
 * d. The speed can be measured by wavelength times frequency. **
 * e. wavelength (meters)*1/seconds=meters/seconds (SPEED) **
 * 6) **
 * a: A standing wave is the parent produced by the interference of a wave and it's reflection **
 * b: **
 * c: Where one cycle is fully drawn is a wave length **
 * 7) **
 * a. In transverse waves energy is perpendicular to the motion of the particle. In longitudinal waves energy is parallel to the motion of the particle. **
 * b. Transverse waves move horizontally (back and forth), longitudinal waves move up and down. **
 * 8) **
 * a. Shake it faster **
 * b. Shake it slower **
 * 9) **
 * a. 10m, 5, 10/3m, 5/2m, 2m **
 * b. Frequency has to increase **
 * 10) **
 * a. Wavelength is 20 m **
 * b. 1/2 s/cycle **
 * c. 10 m/s **
 * 11) **
 * a. 3+2 = 5 cm **
 * b. 3-2 = 1 cm **
 * 12) v = distance/time **
 * v = 4.5(2)/2.64 **
 * v = 3.41 m/s **
 * 13) **
 * a: nodes **
 * b: 6 m **
 * c: make it a 6 harmonic **


 * Physics Plus:**

amplitude: 4 period: 5 seconds frequency: 1/5 wavelength: 8 wave speed: 1.6 m/s
 * Class Work:**

The wave begins are the surface of the water and then raises to reach a certain amplitude of height. Once reaching that height the wave moves like a sine curve (transverse wave) back towards that surface of water and then through it to the same amplitude under the water. The next wave could possibly come up from that point and the cycle could constantly repeat.
 * What Do You Think Now:**

=Section 3=

When you increase the tension on a string, the pitch becomes higher because the string has less place to move vertically so the sound becomes higher.
 * What Do You Think:**

- n = 1/2(lamda) - The length of a string is always 1/2 the wavelength of the lowest-frequency standing wave - Pitch increases, frequency increases - Length of a string decreases, wavelength also decreases for a standing wave
 * Physics Talk Summary:**

1. Decreasing the wavelength makes the frequency and pitch increase. 2. Tension increases, the higher the pitch and vice versa 3. The weaker the tension - the slower the wave speed. 4. L = 1/2n(lambda)
 * Checking Up Questions:**

The pitch changes when you change the tension in the spring because the speed increases which results in their being more waves more second (frequency). When the frequency is higher, the pitch is higher (same thing). The speed increases when tension increases because the particles are closer together so they respond to each other faster. The relationship between frequency (pitch) and tension is an inverse square root relationship. [If tension was 9, the speed would increase to 3]
 * What Do You Think Now:**

=**Section 4**=

Flutes and organs produce sound through air traveling through the tubes
 * What Do You Think:**

- Diffraction: bending of a wave around an obstacle or through an opening > wave length must be as big as or bigger the opening > the bigger the (lambda), more bending > smaller opening, more bending - Closed end of a tube: node > pitch and frequency decrease > wavelength is doubled - Open end of a tube: antinode (noise) > both sides are open: forms a vibrating column of air > displacement of the air molecule are zero > wavelength is halved
 * Physics Talk Summary:**

**Checking Up Questions:** 1. The medium of the sound traveling is air. Sound diffracts while traveling through the air. It can enter through different barriers or boundaries. 2. Waves diffract by bending and finding different openings. They will change direction in order to fit through different sized openings and barriers. 3. Wavelength (times) frequency = speed. When speed is constant, the frequency and wavelength are also constant.

**Physics To Go:** 1) a. Similarities: caused by standing waves, harmonics are octaves apart, changing length of string vs. tube effect the frequency b. Differences: string moves the air vs. mouth moves the air ; string (nodes at both ends), tubes (node and antinode) 3) a. 11 meters b. c. open pipe: 22 meters, closed pipe: 44 meters d. Wave length and frequency are indirectly related when speed remains constant. v = wave length * frequency 4) a. 12 meters b. 340/12 = 28.3 Hz c. 6 meters d. 340/6 = 56.6 Hz 5) The frequency would be a lot higher because the pipe is 1/3 the length of the previous 3 meter pope 6) a. Diffraction b. 8) v = d/t 340 = 1600/t t = 4.71 s

Flutes and organs produce sound through air flowing through the tubes. Because the tubes have open ends, there is an antinode at the end which produces a loud sound. The shorter the tube, the higher the frequency and vise versa. If wave speed is increases, the frequency has to increase and vice versa. Yet, the wave speed is a constant due to the temperature in the area you are in.
 * What Do You Think Now:**